Criminal protection in the form of criminalization and determination of punishment is still one of the most important methods of dealing with breaking norms. The legislator has considered criminal intervention as necessary in order to improve the social, human and natural living environment. This requirement stems from the concern of establishing the "right to a healthy environment" and "public health" that has existed since the beginning of human social life, and is also considered as one of the goals of the formation of governments and their positive obligations. What is known today as environmental crimes and threats to public health implies severe damage to the natural and social living environment. In order to protect healthy human life, the legislator has criminalized environmental crimes and actions against public health in various laws, especially in Article 688 of the Islamic Penal Code as a general law. The purpose of this research is to clarify the way of criminal protection of public health and the environment in Iranian criminal law and to investigate the ambiguities and challenges arising from the implementation of Article 688 of the Islamic Penal Code by using the library method and studying relevant sources and sources and various laws and regulations. .