The emergence of artificial intelligence in recent years has brought about profound changes in criminal law and has presented legal systems with new challenges. Artificial intelligence-based systems, especially self-driving cars, intelligent decision-making algorithms, and autonomous systems, play an increasing role in important decision-making, some of which have criminal consequences. This technology has complicated the determination of criminal liability, because intelligent systems lack human will and criminal intent, and traditional criminal law frameworks are not responsive to emerging situations. The aim of this article is to examine the challenges of assigning criminal liability in the field of artificial intelligence and to provide legal solutions for regulating this area. The research method is based on a comparative analysis of legal texts and an examination of examples from the legal systems of different countries, including Germany, the European Union, and the United States, and the existing procedures in dealing with the criminal liability of artificial intelligence. The findings show that there are serious gaps in determining the responsibility of developers, manufacturers, and users, and the issue of transparency and explainability of AI decisions has made judicial oversight difficult. Finally, the article, by comparing legal approaches, emphasizes the need to reform criminal laws and develop new regulations to adapt to technological developments, and suggests solutions such as defining limited legal personality for intelligent systems and creating compensation mechanisms.