Privacy, as one of the fundamental individual and social rights, has gained even greater significance in today’s world with the advancement of new technologies. This research aims to conduct an in-depth examination of the philosophical foundations, delineate the boundaries, and analyze contemporary dynamics related to privacy. This includes identifying its philosophical and religious foundations, defining the material and immaterial dimensions and domains of privacy, and exploring Islamic solutions for modern challenges—such as privacy violations in the digital age, intimate relationships, and their conflict with certain religious rulings like enjoining good and forbidding evil. This study adopts an analytical-descriptive methodology. The findings indicate that Islam provides a comprehensive framework for protecting privacy by emphasizing inherent human dignity, the sanctity of reputation, and the prohibition of spying. The scope of privacy in Islam is divided into two domains: material (such as home, body, and property) and immaterial (such as personal secrets, data, and individual and social dignity). Contemporary challenges, such as government surveillance and excessive data collection in the digital space, necessitate a dynamic reinterpretation of Islamic principles. With its jurisprudential flexibility, Islam is capable of offering solutions tailored to the needs of the modern era. This study suggests that by integrating Islamic foundations with comparative studies, indigenous models for policymaking in the field of privacy can be developed.